Hurray For Calcium Hydroxide!

Retreatment, Trauma August 3rd, 2007

Unlike many of my peers here in North America, I use lots of calcium hydroxide paste in my cases for reasons like these. The medication gives less-than ideal work a more-than fighting chance to be successful.

Here’s how I first saw these teeth. There is a blurry history of trauma (kickboxing injuries) and when I first saw the patient there was discharge associated with 22.

This first xray is from August 2nd, 2006.

At this point, 22 looked like it had suffered from incomplete root formation, some external resorption, possibly dens-in-dente, and of course infection. I thought I’d have a rough time locating the canal.

ShadidM02Aug06Not so. During treatment, I found a massively large canal that was much, much shorter than where I expected it to end. I cleaned things up as best I could and then loaded the canal up with calcium hydroxide for a couple of weeks (or a month…I can’t remember off hand).

The next xray is from October 11th, 2006. Obturation is obviously short of where the root ends, but electronic apex readings were consistent to this point. This angle also shows that what I thought was a root with a canal was actually just one side of the actual root. I started to worry about some sort of vertical root fracture having split the root up the middle. There was no internal visual evidence of this however, and the medicated phase had cleared up the sinus tract.

Later films will show that that left part of root might actually be a root tip that’s floating around from a horizontal root fracture. I reasoned that the short apex readings were either from a resorptive perforative defect through the root at that level, or because of the blunderbuss apex.

When there’s doubt, I use the apex locator as my diviner of length. Once I can get consistent readings with it, I tend to trust it beyond what my eyes see.

One more thing: I informed that patient that a lesion was now becoming apparent apical to 21.

ShadidM11Oct06The next film is from November 8th, 2006. Tooth 22 was doing fine, but another sinus tract had appeared. A sinugram traced it to the apex of 21.

A retreatment with a medicated phase was initiated for the tooth.

ShadidM08Nov06The canal was cleared, medicated with calcium hydroxide for a month, and then obturated. The apical canal area was irregularly calcified because of the incomplete root formation and the previous work. That’s still no excuse for the voids in the obturation…But proof of success is always in the pudding.

This xray is from February 26th, 2007. It’s post-obturation of 21.

ShadidM26Feb07And this next one is from July 30th, 2007. The lesions are shrinking and trabeculation is becoming apparent within them. I’m still not sure what happened with 22 and I’m not sure at this point what is happening. There’s either some external resorption going on as the bone heals and remodels, or that one thing that looks like a root is a root and it’s moving around…

I’ve been temped to go back into 21 and try to improve the appearance of the apical obturation so that the case is more presentable. That, however, won’t necessarily be serving the patient’s best interest. Healing is occurring, so we know there are no bacteria up there. The remaining obturation is good. Any corrective work would be for my benefit rather than the patient’s.

ShadidM30Jul07


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  • Dr. Mommy, D.D.S.

    success always feels fabulous, doesn’t it?

    what’s a blunderbuss apex again?

  • Periapex

    It’s like the end of the barrel of one of those old fashioned elephant guns that flares open widely.

    Short-term success, which this is, is always nice to see. Long-term success is fabulous, but takes time to ascertain. Endo cases sometimes show short term healing (especially surgeries) but can and sometimes do relapse (Strindberg 1957..year might be off a couple of years).

  • Jeanie

    hmm… we use calcium hydroxide all the time even in undergrad teaching… i wonder why its less acceptable where you are?
    what do you use as an intercanal medicament instead- ledermix?
    or are you talking about the use of Ca(OH)2 for apexification only?

    i feel like a stupid 4th year right now coz i probably misinterpreted your entire post…

    in other news, i managed to completely screw up an obturation. 3 hours later my demonstrator had to finish it for me. Apparently using FF accessory points was too small. Who knew!

  • Periapex

    It’s less used here because you make more money on your endo cases if they’re done in single appointments. Proponents of single visit endos, even in infected cases like this, ignore all of the evidence that shows less successful outcomes in cases that are infected at the time of root filling (eg. Sjogren early 1990′s) and argue that no study has actually shown that single visit endos are less successful that multi-visit endos.

    IMHO, no accessory point is too thin for lateral condensation as long as you use enough of them to get a solid obturation. When I do lateral, though, I use a finger spreader that corresponds to a #30 file and then use #25 size standard master cones as accessories. Master cones are less tapered than non-standard accessory cones and in my hands help with a more solid apical condensation before binding higher up and blocking me out apically. Not sure if that makes sense.

  • Vee

    Hello

    I just found your interesting blog page on root therapy. I’m interested in your decision not to go back into 21 to correct the void in the obturation on account of it being less in your patients best interest and more just a case of making things ‘presentable’.

    My understanding is that voids in an obturation equal endodontic failure since there will be an inevitable reinfection of the tooth by percolation from the external walls via dentinal tubules.

    I’m interested to know if your experience is different to this and to what extent an obturation with voids can be considered a success or in the patients best interest.

    Perhaps you’re saying that while it would have been preferable to have no voids, going back in for retreatment would reduce the chances of long-term success even more?

    Thanks for the informative post – endodontic blogs are few and far between!

    Vee

  • http://www.endodontics.ca Periapex

    Hi Vee thanks for visiting,

    The success of endodontic therapy is determined by a combination of radiographic and clinical signs. Osseous healing is a generally accepted sign that infection has been eradicated from within and about the root of a tooth.

    Dentinal tubules can potentially harbour bacteria, yes. But in this case the demonstrated osseous healing provides some strong evidence that the canal system is infection free. Because calcium hydroxide has been shown to deeply disinfect dentinal tubules it is difficult to speculate that bacteria still exist in the apical root dentin of this tooth.

    Because of the morphology of this canal system and thus compromised instrumentation, we also don’t know how intact a smear layer is within the canal. Smear layer is potentially a protective layer against bacterial invasion to canal space through tubules.

    The possibility of future bacterial invasion of these apical dentinal tubules from the direction of the periodontal ligament is remote since there is no evidence of periradicular infection anymore. The void in obturation is apically situated and the more likely place for bacterial invasion through tubules, the cervical area, is well obturated.

    From a mechanical perspective, because the apical canal space is wider than the coronal canal space, ideal obturation of this area is difficult to do predictably without blowing gutta-percha out the apex.

    An obturation with voids is never considered a goal of root canal treatment since the more voids we have the more potential there is to house bacteria. In this case, however, retreating the endo to attempt correction of the apical obturation could very possibly leave the tooth in a worse state than it current is in. Any future revision of the endo would more predictably be done surgically. A more positive seal would be possible retrograde.

    Here‘s another post about short fills (a short fill leaves a rather large void in the canal).

    And here‘s a case of very, very short obturation in a horizontal root fracture.

    The general rule for endo is that the more coronally located things like perforations or obturation voids or fractures are, the lower the prognosis.

    Thanks again for the question. Ask away if you see anything else on here that you’re curious about.

  • vee

    Hello again

    Thanks for such a detailed and interesting reply. Hurray indeed for Calcium-Hydroxide!

    In general, do you find that voids are not a clinical issue? My understanding is that providing there has been sufficient disinfection and a complete apical and coronal seal achieved then while backfill voids may not be pretty they infact present very little risk of endodontic failure. Can one perhaps put a time limit on percolation? In other words can one wait and see and after a given period assume that percolation is not happening (or rather, is being blocked by sealer)?

    I have in mind the situation where having been confident of ones work, closed then taken film, one finds backfill voids. Is there ever a case for going back in for reasons other than just making things look as good as possible?

    What if a patient returns after taking a second opinion and requests that the voids be corrected before say, the placing of a crown.

    Would you be happy to go back in or would you resist the patients request? I would be interested to know where the line is between just redoing the endo and ‘retreatment’ from a specialist point of view, given that retreatment is generally seen as significantly reducing the chances of longterm endodontic success.

    I’m presuming that the correct time to consider removing the gp in order to
    have another go at complete obturation, with a view to increasing chances of
    longterm success, is during the initial procedure and prior to closing.
    Thereafter the chances of endodontic success would be less. However, I’m
    not clear on exactly why this should be. From a specialist
    point of view, what is it that infact reduces the chances of success for
    retreatment so dramatically and would correcting backfill voids count as
    such retreatment?

    Further enlightenment would be much appreciated!

  • http://www.endodontics.ca Periapex

    Voids can very definitely be a clinical issue. If you have adequately disinfected canal space and then placed a voided obturation you are waiting to see what will happen when the restoration on the tooth fails and starts to leak. A voided obturation will more rapidly allow for failure of endodontic therapy than a more densely packed fill.

    There is no way that we can predict if and when a voided obturation will fail. The primary reason for this is because we do not know, on a patient by patient basis, which specific bacteria predominate within a patient’s oral flora. Different pathogenic bacteria have been shown to be more or less aggressive in endodontic pathogenesis.

    Endodontists are generally held to a higher level of expertise than general dentists. I keep this in mind when I judge my work. If I am able to fix something that is not ideal, and not increase risk to a patient, I do. If I feel that work that I have done is less than the standard I’d expect from a general dentist, I feel the need to correct that.

    With respect to voids: I’ve mentioned previously, the more coronal the voids are, the more serious. The more voided an obturation is, in general, the more serious.

    Retreatment is not seen as reducing prognosis. Retreatment that goes wrong does. Any work that we do to a tooth has the potential for misadventure — hence the need for informed consent.

    If I have to repack GP in a tooth that I have very recently treated, I consider that a correction, adjustment, revision. If I have to work on a tooth that someone else has worked on, I consider that a retreatment. The why to this statement is a long topic.

    A second opinion about your obturation from another general dentist carries less weight than a second opinion from an endodontist. If in doubt, improve the obturation situation if you can, or refer to a specialist for another opinion or for them to improve it.

    Um..your last question. It’s easier to get a temporary filling out of a tooth than a permanent filling. The easier, the less risk of things like perforation.

    Again, with the case that I’ve presented here, there are 3 reasons that I didn’t revise the obturation: Healing is obvious, voids are apical, voids in this blunderbuss apex are tricky/risky to fix. If the voids were coronal or throughout the obturation, I would have been much, much, less satisfied.

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